Introduction and Problem of Practice Research Paper

Introduction and Problem of Practice - Research Paper Example Nursing scholars have moved from developing nursing Meta theories to building theories that encounter specific problems related to nursing practice. Some of theories have been said not to cover completely nursing phenomenon. It may be argued that it is because some countries have little theoretical development. Due to this argument, many believe that the discipline of nursing is less affluent. It has also been facilitated by the transference of American nursing theories to other countries. To expand the nursing theories, theorists have gone to other countries, held conferences and participated in translation of books. Nursing theories have often been founded in the conviction that the nursing body of knowledge should be control or influence clinical practice rather than being defined by it (American Nurses Association, 2010). Nursing theories can be used in differentiating the focus of nursing from other professions (American Nurses Association, 2010). Concepts of theories have been used to guide all phases of the nursing process, including planning, implementing, and evaluating nursing care (Finkelman, 2012). In addition, they have been used in describing and explaining desired responses during practice. Nursing theories makes nurses to be focused on the goal set, hence making them more alert and confidence in their practice. They guide research; validates and modifies the theory, hence enhancing communication. Theories have been used to contribute to the development of the nursing disciple body of knowledge. Some theories are more worthy for certain situations, for example, one theory can be used to a patient in a home health care setting, whereas a patient in an acute care environment will use a different theory (Sabah, 2013). All the approaches are valid as long the nurse recognizes the value and usefulness of nursing theory as a tool for effective nursing practice. There are many theories used in the nursing field to solve problems encountered while attend ing to a patient by the professional nurses. An example of a theory to show how theories have been used in practice; Faye Glenn’s human needs theory, which was set to guide in providing human needs to those in hospital, but also has relevance for nursing care in community setting. Faye Glenn used this theory to promote the image of the nurse who was not only kind and caring, but also intelligent, adept, alert and prepared so oversee that patients receive quality services. This theory influences the nurse’s judgment in the selecting steps, in solving the patient problem and focusing in taking care of the patient. The problem facing the practice; the gap between theory and the practice in nursing has widened over the years. According to Sabah, â€Å"It is becoming difficult everyday for the nurses to administer multiple theories; this is due to conflicting knowledge they posses for use in their daily practice.† In most theoretical pieces of work in nursing, major threads of theoretical thinking are difficult to identify (Sabah, 2013). Problem in the practice that has been encountered is that, many theorists have used the term theory as interchangeable with such terms as conceptual framework, conceptual model, and paradigm. Some theories cannot be applicable when needed in the medical room to a patient (Masters, 2011). Many scholars have stated that the grand nursing theories or the conceptual framew

Emergency Action Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emergency Action Plan - Assignment Example Inside the booth are phone directories that bear the frequently used emergency phone contacts. Other than the booths, an alarm has been installed in one the adjacent building. The alarm is used to alert the participants in case of danger so that they can leave the swimming pool with immediate effect. The participants with Autism are usually at a higher risk during the swimming lessons (Mary, 2010, pp23). They can accidentally fall in the water and get trapped inside without being noticed. Since their speaking is sometimes distorted, they may not be in a position to alert others for help. To care of these individuals, lifeguards have taken it upon themselves to ensure that they swim under a close watch. Fellow students are advised to partner with an autistic friend while in the pool. In case of emergency such as drowning or seizure in water, the lifeguards and trained student captains are usually to lead the rescue plan (Red Cross, 2015). Rescue plans and methods vary with the kind of emergency. If one is trapped under water, deep-swimmer lifeguards have the sole responsibility of performing the search and bringing the victim to the surface. In case of fire, the participants have been instructed on how to ring the alarm and use the fire extinguishers. While the main role of the lifeguards is to perform a rescue operation, the Adapted Aquatic Instructors have a general role of giving directions to the participants. These include swimming tactics for various purposes such as emergency. The instructor assistants usually wok alongside the senior instructors and represent their seniors when they are away. They give the participants a general orientation of the facility and are always available for the students during swimming lessons. When there is an emergency that is beyond the capabilities of the staff, it is always advisable to seek for an external help through phone calls. 911 is always a central rescue number. However, there is always a chain

Orems general theory of nursing is composed of three constructs

Orems general theory of nursing is composed of three constructs Orems theory: Orems general theory of nursing is composed of three constructs. Throughout her work, she interprets the concepts of human beings, health, nursing and society and has defined 3 steps of nursing process. It has a broad scope in clinical practice and to lesser extent in research, education and administration. Orems theory describes how patients self -care needs will be met by nurse, the patient or both. This theory includes Self-care: practice of activities that individual initiates and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health and well being; self care agency is a human ability which is the ability for engaging in self care -conditioned by age developmental state, life experience socio-cultural orientation health and available resources, Therapeutic self-care demand: totality of self care actions to be performed for some duration in order to meet self care requisites by using valid methods and related sets of operations and actions, and Self -care requisites: action directed towards provision of self-care. 2) Roys theory: His theory is evolved from mental imagery of what nursing is, who the nursing client is, and what the goal of nursing is. He systematically developed theoretical propositions to promote research projects. Propositions were based on neurological and biological sciences. The goal of nursing is to help person adapt the changes 3) Nightingale: Florence Nightingale  (1820-1910), considered The founder of educated and scientific and widely known as The Lady with the Lamp wrote the first nursing notes that became the basis of nursing practice and research. In environmental effects she stated in her nursing notes that nursing is an act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery Nightingale 1860/1969 that it involves the nurses initiative to configure environmental settings appropriate for the gradual restoration of the patients health, and that external factors associated with the patients surroundings affect life or biologic and physiologic processes, and his development. B) CREATE A TIMELINE WHEN THESE THEORIES WERE DEVELOPED. Ans b. 1) Orems Nursing: Concept of Practice was first published in 1971 and subsequently in 1980, 1985, 1991, 1995, and 2001.Continues to develop her theory after her retirement in 1984. 2) Roys theory was developed from 1976-1981. 3) Nightingales theory was developed between 1820-1910. Q2) UNDERSTANDING OF HEATH CARE TEAM. RESEARCH THE VARIOUS HEALTHCARE TEAM MEMBERS AND DISCUSS THEIR ROLE IN PATIENT MANAGEMENT Doctors: they have in common is a high level of autonomy in practice and a commensurate level of responsibility. Nurses and nursing staff: The people in this group provide direct, hands-on patient care, most often carrying out doctors orders but also initiating care based on their own clinical judgment and observation at the patients bedside. They provide near continuous monitoring of a patients progress and response to treatment and have a strong tradition of patient advocacy. Other Direct care providers: The people in this group provide direct patient care in particular settings or areas of medicine. Some function as physician extenders and practice in settings and areas of medicine as diverse as physicians do. Therapists: The people in this group provide direct patient care in specialized areas, usually at the request of primary caregivers. Some concentrate on helping patients regain or retain their ability to function with respect to daily activities while others provide therapy to patients with problems in specific areas (Respiratory Therapists, Speech-Language Pathologists). Care and Psychosocial Support Coordinators: The people in this group assist patients and caregivers with the coordination of the complex and variable range of services that may be required for patients and their families. Some deal primarily with logistical issues, continuity of care, post-discharge support and resources, and financial issues. Others address spiritual needs and support or complex issues involving difficult ethical decisions. Diagnostic Technologists: The people in this group provide technical services in support of diagnostic or therapeutic aspects of patient management. Some are primarily involved in collecting and analyzing biological patient samples, while others are involved in gathering diagnostic data (images) and carrying out treatment protocols. Administrators and information managers: The people in this group are not involved in hands-on patient care but provide critical resources to ensure the smooth operation of the health care team. Some have responsibility for the overall operation of a hospital or institution some provide or process the gamut of information necessary to ensure efficient and safe patient management, and others ensure the security of the physical facility (Hospital Security Officers) or work to minimize the liability of the institution. Other support staff: The people in this group provide a variety of services. Some are in direct contact with patients, often assisting them as they move through the processes involved in accessing and interacting with the healthcare system. Others provide services primarily to other members of the health care team. B) CASE STUDY 1   Ansb. Case study 1: I would suggests the best way to solve Rebeccas case would be to let the doctors know about the situation, and the dieticians can be very much helpful in this case. Q3 ENROLLED NURSE CAREER Ans3. A) ENROLLED NURSE WORK IN A VARIETY OF HEALTH CARE SETTINGS, RESEARCH AND DISCUSS SOME OF THE CAREER PATHWAYS OPEN TO ENROLLED NURSES. ANS A) Rest haven acknowledges that the continued provision of quality service to residents and clients is underpinned by appropriately trained and skilled staff. Enrolled nurse can work as midwifery, in mental health dept., in aged care, NT public sector nursing and midwifery. B) THERE ARE SEVERAL PROFFESIONAL BODIES THAT NURSES MAY JOIN AS WELL AS ORGANIZATIONS WE MUST BE APART OF, DISCUSS THE ROLE AND FUNCTION OF THESE PROFESSIONAL BODIES. ANS B) Enrolled Nurses can find work with a variety of organizations including hospital wards or operating theatres, GP surgeries, nursing homes, community health centers, aged care services, private homes, schools, ambulance service, the Red Cross, emergency aid or even a combination of these. Health industry / health focused business settings: University, vocational, and school educational settings Maternity / Birthing facilities. Acute care and Day Surgery hospitals (adults and Children) As a casual flight nurse. C) THROUGHOUT OUR CAREER WE ALL ARE EXPOSED TO PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL. WHAT IS THIS PROCESS AND WHY ISIT IMPORTANT TO OUR CAREER DELIVERY? ANS C) In the early 1980s performance appraisal was redirected from issues related to the development of psychometrically sound rating scaled to those involving the cognitive processes of raters (Landy and Farr 1980, Feldman 1981). Since that time several reviews have attempted to translate principles from social cognition and cognitive psychology to the specific conditions of formal appraisal systems in work-oriented organizations. The review is structured around a 3 stag process model of gathering, storing and retrieving information about social stimuli for the purpose of rating performance. Factors affecting this process are clustered into four categories: appraisal settings, rates, raters and the nature of scales used for the appraisal. Once reviewed, the research is evaluated in terms of its contributions to improving the quality of appraisal systems as they are used in organizations (Janet L, Daniel R, David B 1980) Q4 NURSING CARE A) RESEARCH THE FOLLOWING METHODS OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY; WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF EACH TYPE OF CARE DELIVERY? Ans A) 1) Functional nursing care: This model is also referred to as the Task Method, and for good reason. Functional nursing evolved during the Depression when RNS went from being private practitioners to becoming employees for the purposes of job security. Once WWII broke out, however, nurses left to care for the soldiers, which left the hospitals short-staffed. To accommodate this shortage, hospitals increased their use of ancillary personnel. For efficiency, nursing was essentially divided into tasks, a model that proved very beneficial when staffing was poor. The key idea was for nurses to be assigned to TASKS, not to patients. For example, one nurse would be responsible for all the treatments, another nurse for all the medications, and so on. Advantages: A very efficient way to delivery care. Could accomplish a lot of tasks in a small amount of time Staff did what only they were capable to do: no extraneous work was added that could be done by assertive personnel. Disadvantages: Care of persons became fragmented Patients did not have one identifiable nurse and the nurse had no accountability. Very narrow scope of practice for RNS Lead to patient and nurse dissatisfaction 2) Team Nursing: Advantages: 1. High quality comprehensive care can be Provided despite a relatively high proportion of ancillary staff. 2. Each member of the team is able to participate in decision-making and problem solving. 3. Each team member is able to contribute his or her own special expertise or skills in caring for the patient. 4. Improved patient satisfaction. 5. Organizational decision making occurring at the lower level. 6. Cost-effective system because it works with expected ratio of unlicensed to licensed personnel. 7. Team nursing is an effective method of patient care delivery and has been used in most inpatient and outpatient health care settings. Disadvantages: 1. Establishing a team concept takes time, effort and constancy of personnel. Merely assigning people to a group does not make them a group or team. 2. Unstable staffing pattern make team nursing difficult. 3. All personnel must be client centered. 4. There is less individual responsibility and independence regarding nursing functions. 5. Continuity of care may suffer if the daily team assignments vary and the patient is confronted with many different caregivers. 6. The team leader may not have the leadership skills required to effectively direct the team and create a team spirit. 7. Insufficient time for care planning and communication may lead to unclear goals. Therefore responsibilities and care may become fragmented (Marquis and Huston, 2003). 3) Client Assignment: Client assignment or total patient care method is the oldest way of providing care to a patient .In this one nurse provides total care for one patient during the entire work period. This method was used during Florence nightingale era. Care includes fulfilling the needs of whole family as well as cooking and cleaning (Nelson, 2000). Advantages:- The patient receives consistent care from one nurse and this helps in developing mutual trust between patient, nurse and family. This method of caring is comprehensive, continuous and holistic. Disadvantages: In todays healthcare economy it proves to be very expensive. It requires highly qualified and skilled nurses but during the times of nursing shortages there are not enough resources or nurses to use this model. This care delivery requires total patient care, such as assessment and teaching the patient and family, as well as the less functional aspects of care. 4) Primary Nursing: Primary nursing was developed in the 1980s by Marie Manthey and the hallmark of this model is that one nurse cares for one group of patients with 24 hour accountability for planning their care. In other words, a Primary Nurse (PN) cares for her primary patients every time she works and for as long as the patient remains on her unit. An Associate Nurse cares for the patient in the PNs absence and follows the Primary nursing individualized plan of care. This is a decentralized delivery model: more responsibility and authority is placed with each staff nurse. It has been debated whether PN is a cost-effective model. Some say it is because the RN has all the skills necessary to move the patient through the health care system quickly. Others say it is not cost effective because RNS spend time doing things that other, less expensive employees can do. Advantages: Increased satisfaction for patients and nurses More professional system: RN plans and communicates with all disciplines. RNs are seen as more knowledgeable and responsible. RNs more satisfied because they continue to learn as a function of the in-depth care they are required to deliver. Disadvantages: Intimidating for new graduates who are less skilled and knowledgeable Where do we get all these RNS during times of shortage? B) WHEN DELEVERING AGE CARE, GENDER, RELIGION AND CULTURE OF OUR CLIENT NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF HOW A NURSING ACTIVITY MAY NEED TO BE ADJUSTED TO MEET DIFFERENT NEEDS IN RELATION TO THIS. AnsB.   Nurses need a pragmatic approach to the culture of clients that is flexible enough to take multiple scenarios into account. The very first step is to understand the concept of diversity. In this discussion, diversity is an inclusive concept that embraces not only ethnic groups and people of color, but also other marginal or vulnerable people in society. These groups are included because they experience discrimination based on their lifestyle choices, e.g., sexual preference, or their socioeconomic status, e.g., the poor, the handicapped. Several theoretical models for cultural assessment are available. Leininger (1991), Giger and Davidhizer (1995) and Campinha-Bacote (1994) developed three of the most widely used models. The Leininger model is an expansive systems approach to achieving cultural understanding. She identifies the cultural content categories as educational, economic, political, legal, kinship, religious, philosophical, and technological. Giger and Davidhizer propose tha t nursing consider the following phenomena for their cultural importance: communication; space; time; environmental control; biologic variations; and social organization. The Campinha-Bacote model views cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, and cultural encounters as components of cultural competence in nursing care delivery. Nursing literature also offers many data collection tools that were devised to create a profile of clients from other cultures and to specify how associated behavior influence the biological, psychological and sociological dimensions of health. However, integrating these theoretical models and assessment tools into the actual practice of nursing continues to be an evolving process. The most basic assumption is that there is a point of convergence where people enjoy sameness before differences cause divergence. This sameness or common core is largely an outgrowth of the universal need of all people to be treated with respect. The ability of the nurse to accept the need of all persons to be treated with respect is predicated on awareness of the interaction of three cultures. First, it begins with our personal selves as cultural entities. Every nurse brings two cultures into the relationship with clients. First, the qualities and characteristics of personal culture are key determinants of personal and professional behavior. Second, and equally important is recognizing that the health care delivery system, which the nurse represents and helps the client and family to access, is also a separate and unique culture. Both of these cultures-that of the nurse and of the health care system- must strike a balance with a thirdthe culture of the client. Ignoring any of these entities creates barriers to the achievement of positive, productive, and caring nurse -client relationship.   Nurses care for the whole person. If nursing care is truly holistic, then culture must be an integral part of the nursing process. Culturally competent care is achieved when individualized care includes a complementary and harmonious blend of the patients beliefs, attitudes and values, with Western health care practices (Murray Atkinson, 2000). The nursing process is the primary tool for critical thinking. It facilitates decision-making and is a deliberative, systematic method of care planning for individuals, families, and communities.   C) CASE STUDY 2 Ans c. As a nurse we should maintain the confidentiality as well as duty of care towards our client. In this case if we report this we breach the clients confidentiality or privacy. Most of the organizations have internal reporting protocol, in this case the nurse should report to the appropriate person within the organization. This is called internal duty of care but theres also external duty of care as well. Having reported internally and if that person would report it externally then even it breaches the confidentiality of the client. If the client doesnt want to let the nurse report internally also even then it breaches his confidentiality. Duty of care is a balancing between your duty to that person and that persons rights. But at last keeping Jones uncomfortable during his sons visit all the time its better to do something for him rather than doing nothing. Because to be sued for negligence is worse than being sued for a breach of confidentiality. Thus in this case its better t o report the concerned RN within organization but at same time it should not be reported externally by RN. This satisfies the duty of care as well as confidentiality. (Brian Herd, Carne Reidy Herd) Q5) EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE ANS A) A great and increasing challenge facing all practitioners, regardless of their discipline or background, is how to keep abreast of new research findings. All clinicians would like to think that they are following best practice and that their practice is based on evidence. However, evidence-based practice means more than practicing with an awareness of research evidence. A widely accepted definition of evidence-based medicine is a conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about individual patients (Sackett et al, 1996). Ensuring that nurses can practice according to the philosophical underpinnings of their profession is recognized as an important factor in job satisfaction and hence is critical to retention and recruitment of the nursing workforce (Baumann et al. 2001). Employers share responsibility with nurses, professional associations and others for promoting environments that support quality professional practice (Canadian Nurse s Association 2001). The Aged Care Standards and Accreditation Agency Ltd (the Agency) was established in October 1997 and appointed as the accreditation body under the  Aged Care Act 1997  (the Act) owned by Australian government. The Accreditation Grant Principles 1999 require the Agency to carry out regular supervision of accredited residential aged care homes to monitor their compliance with the Accreditation Standards and other responsibilities under the Act; and to assist residential aged care homes to undertake a process of continuous improvement. Improvements have occurred in the provision of care and services since the commencement of accreditation. There have been three major rounds of comprehensive accreditation assessment since September 1999. In an industry comprising more than 2,800 residential aged care homes nationally, during the last round (July 2005 to December 2006), 91.8% of residential aged care homes were assessed as being fully compliant with all 44 expected outcomes of the Ac creditation Standards. That is an improvement from an already outstanding 87.9% three years earlier, and a sharp improvement compared with 63.5% in 2000.

Thoughts on the Color, Blue Essay -- Exploratory Papers

Thoughts on the Color, Blue During the time when polytheistic religions were widely practiced in Europe, colors represented ideas associated with the paranormal and the spiritual. In many cases, the color blue represented safety and protection. It was believed that if someone wore or carried something blue, the bearer would be protected from evil spirits. Over time, as patriarchal societies formed, the welfare of the male child took priority over the welfare of the female child. Since male children were more important, parents surrounded their sons with blue objects. This explains the common association of males and the color blue that exists even in modern society. A common practice among new families and couples with children on the way is to decorate the rooms of the infants with either blue or pink, depending on the gender of the child. Though some prefer a more neutral tone such as white or beige, blue or pink baby rooms can still be found. This practice promotes the association of the color to the gender and the gender to the color. When thinking of the color blue and ...

Analysis Of The Indian Dairy Industry Essay

My new venture is Lakshmi Dairy which (According to Hindu mythology cow is considered to be the goddess of wealth and prosperity) attempts to encroach the simple dairy merchandise. Processing the milk in my dairy which iam likely to set up in my home town, that is acquired from farmers from surrounding villages. My ultimate target would be from the day-to-day consumption and flourishing dairy products such as butter, cheese, yoghurt, especially types of Milk itself i.e., Skimmed milk, semi-skimmed, whole milk. Keeping in mind my previous experience, in my family business (Lakshmi Milk Booth) along with my father, collecting milk from various farmers and distributing them in our village, which I thought will be helpful for me in starting a dairy firm. This helps me to expand my family business (Lakshmi milk booth) by employing my villagers who at least have a minimum qualification which helps them in handling the sophisticated equipment that is used in this whole process. Introduction: see more:non farming activities in india Food, clothes and shelter are the three basic necessities of human beings where food is considered to the first and foremost thing for the survival of the human beings (source). It can be consumed in the form of liquids such as water, milk, natural fruit juice, beverages etc as well as solids such as baked food, cooked food, natural fruits and vegetables etc. As milk is considered as the highly nutritious and the complete food, it is consumed in a large quantity. Especially, for the kids who are less than 3 yrs old, it is suggested by doctors that Milk gives sufficient calcium, proteins and vitamins before they can digest any other food (reference, u can’t say on ur own). Not only kids but also people who are aged above 45 yrs are habituated to consume milk as a part of their break fast, as it strengthens teeth and bones and supplies required calcium (reference please). Indian dairy industry: Agriculture is the largest private sector and is also known to be the lifeline of the Indian economy. More than 60% of the population is dependant on the agriculture while 58.2% of the work force is directly or indirectly employed by means of agriculture. (Reference please, when giving facts and figures u need references for sure) Dairy farming is the most important part of the agriculture for thousands of years now and India is the largest milk producer. It produces 112 million MT with the highest share of 13% of the world’s production, which costs approximately 105,946 crores ( £1 = 72) (Shiva kumar Hedaoo, 2010) (this one is ok) Dairy industry is the highest contributor of the rural economy and hence it is considered to be the backbone of the agricultural sector. It is the leading source of nutrition, Bio-gas, employment, income of cash and a ‘cushion for drought proofing in India (Patel, 1993; Paroda, 1998). http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/analysis ­of ­the ­indian ­dairy ­industry ­marketing ­essay.php 1/7 12/18/2014 Analysis of the Indian dairy industry Market Research: The world’s largest and the cheapest milk producer is India (Shiva kumar Hedaoo, 2010). Dairy products in India have a market value for about 100 billion. For many years now, the dairies in India have been delivering universally required products such as Semi-skimmed and skimmed milk, vanaspathi (ghee), butter, cheese etc. So as to capture the market place they have also started producing new dairy products like low fat milk, sweet yogurt etc. also the traditional sweets like rasmalai, rasgullas etc.  there  by creating an opportunity for the new entries. Dairy farming industry in India is one of the most rapidly growing industries, which is in turn is providing various opportunities for the new entrepreneurs. However, media (electronic and press) and the government play a key role in educating the people about the importance of the milk consumption and its products regularly. As per the recent (which market survey mention it)market survey, it is considered that the total population of India is 168 crores approximately. On the other hand, doctors and reputed health organisations are constantly advising us to include at least 100 ml of milk per day in our daily meal. (reference please, which doctor or doctors or doctors association)In that case, if every individual starts consuming 100 ml per day, the milk consumption on the whole might be 168,000 tons approximately. The growth and expansion of Dairy industry in India is likely, due to the development of the urban communities. The global consumption of milk has tremendously increased but it has become a challenge to meet the basic nutritional value of the dairy products in the under developed, developed and developing countries. The growth in per capita income might impact and eventually increase the consumption of milk and its products. Through the historical data, it is evident that as per the Indian standards the consumption of the dairy products could be more of the live stock products. The changes are more likely when the mankind start adopting the new lifestyle, food habits which are considered to be a part of the socioeconomic and the demographic factors (Radhakrishan and Ravi, 1990).(ok) Structure of the Industry: India is a developing country. Moreover, the dairy industry in India is not well established when compared to that of western countries. More than 90% of the dairy products are delivered by unliterary/unorganized sector and only 10% are delivered by organized sectors. (Shiv Kumar Hedaoo, 2010, referencing goes like (Hedaoo, 2010) that’s it).(other than that Fine) Many dairies adopted the most traditional and the ancient ways of producing milk and its products. Until the past few years countries like India have been concentrating only on limited and regional dairy products like yogurt  (regular), butter, cheese etc. Since the last 3 years, in order to capture the market, they have been producing the new dairy products such as sweet yogurt, flavoured milk shakes etc. (Shiv Kumar Hedaoo, 2010).gud SWOT Analysis: T he best of the data for conducting the SWOT analysis has been gathered considering the real instances of my (Give some name) Family Business (Milk) and the recent information on Dairy Industry in India, especially focusing on rural (villages) areas. http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/analysis ­of ­the ­indian ­dairy ­industry ­marketing ­essay.php 2/7 12/18/2014 Analysis of the Indian dairy industry Strengths: India is well known for largest live stock owning, as it has about 61% of buffaloes and 19% of cattle of the world (GOI, 2002). (Gud) In the year 1992, the livestock in India was 470.86 millions approximately (Sharma, June 2002 page 8, (u don’t need page and month while citation, it should be like this (Sharma, 2002) that’s it). Considerably the labour and the whole production unit costs are less when compared to that of other countries. Also, India stands in the 2nd place in terms of the population and also the 7th largest country in the world of which 43% of the land has been used for agriculture purpose. Weaknesses: The two drawbacks of dairy Industry in India are as follows: In spite of availability of the various sophisticated equipments, most of the Dairy firms in India still tend to use the ancient techniques for the process of production. Any Source u can proof ur point Most of the dairy firms in India are unorganized. (Hedaoo, 2010), I have done this referencing for u†¦ Opportunities: In recent days, we could see that there has been tremendous increase in the consumption of milk, which wouldn’t have been possible without the intervention of media and the government. The key task performed was educating the people about the dairy products and its importance which effectively increased the consumption of milk. Hence, they created an opportunity for the new entities to capture the market share. Government has also made it easy for the dairy firms to import the highly sophisticated equipments with very less excise duty charges and the licensing policies etc. (u need source/reference to cover up ur this point) Threats: Unfortunately, many other western countries are exporting high quality dairy products to India due to the liberalization and the WTO full form please, as u havn’t mention it before agreements, teacher will say I don’t know what is it. Hence, there are high end milk products that are readily available in the market which could be at a major threat to the new entities. (How is the main point, rite it down) My Business Concept: I would hereby like to talk about the whole business plan (Lakshmi Dairy Firm) that I am likely (likely word shud not come, as u must be sure as a business women) to start. My family is based out of Thadepalligudem (a small village with more than 300 families among which there could be 85% illiterates approximately (Source)) in Costal Andhra (Andhra Pradesh, the highest milk producing state in India). Our family has been running a small business across http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/analysis ­of ­the ­indian ­dairy ­industry ­marketing ­essay.php 3/7 12/18/2014 Analysis of the Indian dairy industry the village for almost 32 yrs now. I helped my father in the business, apart from my studies, since I was 12 yrs old which helped me gain some knowledge in establishing my own firm based on my experience. My father, mother and 3 more staff that we have engaged used to collect milk twice a day (at 6 am and 5 pm) at the milk booth, apart from which we have a delivery staff of size 15. On an average we collect 3000-3500 litres (u can increase ur staff if u want as it seems to be much more enough for 5 people to collect milk, that’s my opinion) of milk from the villagers belonging to my own village and also the surroundings. Once the milk is gathered, it is sent for processing i.e., purifying, filtering and refining. One this process is complete; the milk is filled and stored in the container of with the capacity of 30 litres each. These cans are then distributed accordingly at homes, sweet shops, bakeries, hotels etc. in the near by towns and cities, by the delivery staff through various means (wrong spelling) of transportation like motorcycles, auto rickshaws etc. without actually packing or chilling. The distribution of the milk cans should not take more than 2 hrs; on the whole it takes 5 hrs from the time the milking is done to the time of delivery. If the entire stock is sold out, we get a minimum profit of 15% to the maximum of 20%. During the winter season, as the cows and buffaloes yield more milk, the production is high (by 6% to 8% on the whole) where as there is decrease in the consumption. As villages doesn’t have any kind of sophisticated equipment for storing the remaining milk, it goes waste i.e., loss. Due to the less consumption of milk (in winter season), the prices may drop down from 30% to 50% in the neighbourhood villages. Instead, if we have required modern equipments to convert milk into milk powder, we may still make more profit on the whole (5% higher than the normal profits). (gud natural point) During summer, the consumption of milk is likely to increase and hence there is more demand for the dairy products such as yogurt, butter, cheese, ghee etc. However, the production of milk during this season is very less.(why milk production is low in summers proof it) Also there is no latest machinery which could covert milk into several other dairy products in huge quantities, due to which we loose our valuable customers. Currently my family is carrying the business transactions between two cities and collecting the milk from six villages only. Also there is no dairy firm located for about 410 kms from my village, as my village itself and its surrounding villages are under developed and backward. In order to overcome the above mentioned difficulties, I have business plan of establishing a Milk Dairy in my village. Following are the reasons to choose my village for a launching a Milk Dairy: Have more livestock compared to other villages. Central place to 20 other villages (easy access). Near by to the cities with the population of more than 75,000 individuals. We own a land which is big enough to construct the building. To develop my village in terms of liveliness. Allocation of sufficient funds by government for the firms that are been established in the backward areas. http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/analysis ­of ­the ­indian ­dairy ­industry ­marketing ­essay.php 4/7 12/18/2014 Analysis of the Indian dairy industry Initially, I would start of my business by introducing the highly sophisticated equipments, which helps us store the milk for longer time (say 20-25 days). The next equipment that I would introduce is the packing  machine (to sell the milk in packets as we do now) and a van with a built in chilling machine which makes it easy for the long distance transportation. We (our family business) are well known for the quality, punctuality/timely delivery and reasonable prices of the product, at the same time we maintain a good rapport with our staff by giving wages on time and lending advances. (Well done) Market and USP: In the cities and towns near by my village there could (u shud be certain with facts and figures while doing or starting business) be a population of about 80,000 approx. where it is assumed that 8,000 to 8,500 litres of milk can be sold out and the dairy products of 1700 to 1900 kilograms every day (varies from season to season). In my village, very limited numbers of dairy products are available (which products are they mention it please). However, the customers are not satisfied as they are unhygienic, low quality etc. Due to the lack of alternatives, they had to purchase it. (say we will provide better alternatives) Taking this as advantage I would like to produce more number of dairy products like milk powder, yogurt, skimmed and semi-skimmed milk etc. with high quality and reasonable prices. I strongly believe that the goodwill of my family will give a boost up, which I (u shud be certain while doing business whether it works or not) be successful by working with the well versed experienced staff. Competitors: As there is no dairy closer to my village, people are dependant on the regional milk sellers. There are four other competitors who has the similar business that we carry out, among which two of them are closed during summer (due to the less production of milk), while the other two has less reputation and fame when compared to us and we conquer 60% of the market share while the 40% is captured by the rest. Price and Margins: The primary objective of launching a Dairy firm is to make the hygienic, reasonable product available any time. The cost price of milk/litre is 9 to 13 and the selling price is 14 to 18 per litre ( £1=72*). If the entire stock  is sold out then we are likely to make a profit of 2 to 3 per litre. The left over milk will be processed to convert it into the milk powder, which in turn can be saved up to 6months and are sold out during summer (when in demand). The supplements like yogurt, ghee, and butter milk are bought from the farmers directly and are further processed to meet the quality. These dairy products can be sold with a margin profit of 15% at the maximum.a

Law Reflection Question: Law vs. Morality Essay

Plot Summary: John Quincy Archibald’s son Michael collapses while playing baseball as a result of a heart failure. Immediately, John Q rushes Michael to the emergency room for a transplant. Unfortunately, the insurance would not cover his son’s transplant. So in order for Michael’s quick and complete recovery, John takes the emergency room hostage until the doctors agree to get the transplant successfully. Reflection Question: In your reflection essay, you will briefly describe the connection and conflict between Law and Morality – use the text (p.12-15) and class notes to help you. After watching the movie, apply ideas of Law and Morality to the movie plot of ‘John Q’. Also, as part of your essay, state your opinion about which side of the conflict you would support – the Law side or the Morality side. Justify your answer with specific examples from the movie and your own values and beliefs. Expectations/Format: – 2-3 pages, double spaced, 12 pt font Times New Roman Introduction: Explain the term law – What is it? Where does it come from? Discuss ‘Rule of Law’ and why law is important? Explain the term Morality – what are the sources of morality? Why is it important? What is the connection between law and morality? What is the conflict between them?Explain using an example. Paragraph 2: Connect the plot to the aspects of law – What is the legal issue/conflict that is occurring? Paragraph 3: Connect the plot to the aspects of morality – What is the moral issue/conflict that is occurring? Paragraph 4: In seeking justice, which side of the conflict would you support – the law side or the morality side? Support your answer with specific examples from the move and from your own values and beliefs. Conclusion: Summarize your thoughts and recount your main points regarding the importance and challenges of law

The characteristics of organizational knowledge

The characteristics of organizational knowledge Introduction In the study of management, business and organizational studies, many authors and scholars concur that there is a strong connection between effective management of the intellectual assets of an organization and continuous progress in performance.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The characteristics of organizational knowledge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is to say that knowledge management has become an essential requirement for management of organizations, which guarantees successful performance. Above all these important components, it has been agreed that knowledge itself is vital and incomparable. As a result, business organizations can derive value from the type and location of their knowledge resources by investing in creative knowledge management techniques. In its broadness, knowledge can be described as the driving force behind societal, personal and organizational behavior (Campos S anchez 2003). Notably, there are two knowledge-related aspects, which are essential for the feasibility and excellent performance of any business organization. The first aspect concerns knowledge assets, which is also known as intellectual assets. This generally refers to priceless knowledge that is readily available for use by individuals or by the entire organizations. For the success of any organization, nurturing and use of knowledge is important for all the parties involved (Cohen Levinthal 1990). The second aspect entails knowledge-related processes. These processes are commonly found in organizations and may have a wide range of applications including but not limited to transforming, creating, safeguarding, compiling, pooling, building, organizing and applying knowledge. For better results, it is important for these areas to be properly and explicitly managed, with regard to all sectors that could be affected. In the understanding of this concept, it is imperative to undersc ore the need for effective knowledge management in order to achieve individual and organizational objectives (Cohen Levinthal 1990). In this line of thought, management of knowledge in organizations must be internalized from three stances as discussed below:Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Business perspective From this point of view, the management is usually tasked to focus on where, why and to what degree an organization is supposed to invest and exploit knowledge in the running of its services. In general, knowledge augments development of services, strategies, products, acquisitions and alliances (Coombs Hull 1998). A good example of this is corporate strategy, which only thrives depending on how knowledge is managed within an organization. Additionally, planning and designing of new products and services principally depends on knowledge. It is also vital to note that knowledge management is needed to give direction to an organization to create, install and exploit knowledge assets and if possible establish joint collaborations with an aim of exploiting knowledge. Management perspective In this perspective, knowledge-related activities are usually given preference through determination, monitoring and directing of relevant processes in order to attain desired business goals and objectives. Moreover, every organization requires knowledge to develop knowledge, regarding the creation, transfer, acquisition, usage and retention of knowledge (Coombs Hull 1998). As a result, it is doubtless that management of knowledge is necessary to examine processes and adopt policies and ideas, which are indispensable during the identification of knowledge-related activities. Operational perspective Unlike the above discussed stances, this perspective requires the management to be committed to employing the services of expertise to perform clear know ledge-related work and responsibilities. Furthermore, one requires knowledge in order to carry out a research to establish knowledge status, as a way of discovering the available knowledge that is necessary in future development of human resources. Importantly, knowledge management is essential for the purpose of better training, establishment of a pool of knowledge and systems and better research and development. From this discussion of the three perspectives, it is worth noting that management of knowledge requires relevant attention and analysis from people with reputable skills like researchers and business management experts (Coombs Hull 1998).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The characteristics of organizational knowledge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the study of knowledge management, Ryle’s work of 1949 is considered to be the first piece of literature to be published, covering the concept o f knowledge. In The Concept of Mind, Ryle brought to the attention of the world the concepts of know-that and know-how, which is sometimes referred to as know-what (Ryle 1949, p. 2). On the other hand, it was concluded that knowledge can broadly be divided into tacit and explicit knowledge (Polanyi 1966, p. 5). These two types of knowledge will be discussed in later segments of this paper. In his 1987 research, Von Hippel described information trading as the readiness of employees to fit in varying organizations, including their direct competitors for the purpose of informal exchange of information (Von 1987). He further defined knowledge transfer as the process which a member of a given network is influenced by what happens in the life of another member. These explanations are based on the fact that most employees exchange information through a process, to allow the formation of new knowledge about current products as well as new ones to be created in future (Ryle 1949, p. 2). Desp ite the efforts made by these authors, it is imperative to note that their work received almost no attention from organizational management until early 1990s. Nevertheless, many Multi National Enterprises were forced to downsize and retrench some employees towards the end of 1980s, an incident, which was mainly fuelled by sluggish business activities. Among other factors, the world witnessed major stock market stock market crashes, which forced most organizations to revaluate their strategies to mitigate the impact of these effects (Polanyi 1966, p. 5). As a result, there was the birth of two major business and management aspects, which were process re-engineering and knowledge management concept. In 1990, Nonaka gave a detailed explanation on the two types of knowledge, namely, tacit and explicit knowledge. From his approach, explicit knowledge can be obtained through gathering of information that is collected from customer files, manuals, databases, and software.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This type is also referred as structural capital (Nonaka 1990, p. 15). On the other hand, tacit knowledge may exist in the minds of suppliers, employees and customers, and it is commonly referred to as human capital. When the two types of knowledge are combined, they result into an intellectual capital of the organization. Based on previous history, it is noteworthy that interest in the topic of knowledge management has exponentially been realized, with several learning and research institutions identifying it as a major discipline (Nonaka 1990, p. 15). The rise of Knowledge Management As indicated in the previous segment of this paper, a host of people have developed interest in the concept of knowledge management for several years. However, this interest attained its peak in 1990s, when massive research was being done by scholars and researchers. Throughout this period, these authors have attained a consensus with regard to the impact of knowledge management in organizational perf ormance. It is regarded as a major tool that is effective in attaining a competitive advantage within the business industry, together with a myriad of other advantages. Additionally, exchange and sharing of knowledge has been applauded especially to increase its relevance to the functioning of a given organization (Bohn 1994). As one of the writers who have contributed to the expansion of this field, Nonaka proposed that a high level of attention is usually required when handling knowledge processes and the procedure of creating new knowledge (Nonaka 1991). Additionally, knowledge may change meaning especially when it is moved to a different context. As a result, a match between the recipient’s point of view and the nature of the received is quite significant. It is equally important to emphasize that creation of knowledge is always a continuous process, which mainly starts at an individual’s level, before expanding to other sections, division and even beyond the confi nes of an organization (Bohn 1994). In analysing the impact of some of the findings recorded by various authors, it suffices to mention that some of the information left gaps like how to identify existing type of knowledge mismatches or finding the sources for the mismatches. Important findings were also made by and Nonaka and Takeuchi in 1995, when they affirmed that explicit knowledge can easily be articulated and disseminated in a wide range of formats, while tacit information is generally hidden and unspoken (Nonaka Takeuchi 1995, p. 10). Furthermore, Nonaka and Takeuchi argued that knowledge conversion has four modes, which are: internationalism, socialism, internationalism and a combination of the three modes. As a result, it is prudent for an organization to prepare for one of the above mentioned modes when settling on a particular knowledge management program that is deemed more feasible than others (Bohn 1994). Conversion modes The SECI (Socialization, Externalization, Com bination, and Internalization) theory recognizes the fact that knowledge has four modes of conversion, which are important since they are believed to be the sources of knowledge. The four conversations are summarized below: The first mode as described by the theory is that it converts tacit knowledge from tacit knowledge and is commonly referred to as socialization. The only recognized way of achieving this is through individual sharing of knowledge with other individuals based on their experiences in the field. The second mode is viewed as a combination since it converts explicit knowledge to explicit knowledge. Unlike in the first mode, knowledge is generated through sorting and re-categorizing of the available knowledge from the sources. On the other hand, externalization revolves around converting tacit knowledge to explicit organizational information (Nonaka 1991). According to this mode, the knowledge of an individual can be converted into a form that can be well understood by other people in the same group. It is therefore applied with an aim of creating new knowledge that would be relevant to the organization, in making it more competitive. The last mode is internationalism, which converts explicit knowledge to tacit information. This mode allows one to understand knowledge that is directly linked to an individual in an organization. Importantly, this stage allows practical application of knowledge in generating new and better organization’s routines. Another research, which is well recognized in the study of the concept of knowledge management, was done by Coombs and Hull in 1998, who argued that the field can be divided into three segments. The first one is knowledge processing. It is believed that this category of knowledge management mainly revolves around transfer, capture, utilization, codification, identification and format among others (Coombs Hull 1998). The second one is knowledge domains, which principally deals with classification o f knowledge. For example, several areas of knowledge acquisition present different factors. These areas are technical knowledge, process knowledge, product knowledge, external and internal knowledge, and process knowledge. Lastly, knowledge formality is literally concerned with the general format of knowledge. For example, formal knowledge presents a different format from informal knowledge (Coombs Hull 1998). In addition, knowledge management plays a significant role in determining the quality of services and products given by a given organization. For instance, these management processes are viewed as ways through which addition of value to inputs, which is later used in the production of processed-knowledge. This approach significantly adds value to clients. Nevertheless, specific requirements for this vary widely across industries. Four primary processes have been put forth, which are important when handling resources of knowledge. These include utilization of knowledge, value addition to information, knowledge generation and knowledge capturing. Similarly, organizations are usually encouraged to adopt additional processes for sorting and accessing knowledge to allow the four requirements above to function effectively. For instance, other people should be given a chance to identify the relevance of particular knowledge even if it is coded. Moreover, information can only be converted into knowledge when it is relevant, understandable and usable. This double emphasizes the need for assessing and evaluating any kind knowledge before it can be used. For performance strategies to work, it is important for an organization to have the right knowledge that is required. In this context, poor or defective knowledge may undermine the viability of organizational strategies. In this essence, there exists a relationship between availability of poor knowledge and the unachievable strategies. It is therefore the role of the management to create a match between intended s trategies and the realized strategies. This mismatch of knowledge is known as a knowledge gap while strategic gaps define differences between the realized strategy and the intended strategy. In this understanding, mapping techniques are commonly applied in establishing what organization can do while backward mapping identifies important aspects that have to be known to the organization (Soliman 1998). Similarly, in cases where complex knowledge management systems exist, it has been mentioned that this may enhance realization of intensive knowledge network. Importantly, a combination of knowledge loops and spirals has the potential of leading an organization into knowledge gaps. This stage is usually followed by the occurrence of strategic gaps, which may result into poor organizational performance. Attributes and characteristics of Knowledge Every enterprise is always challenged to perform better than existing competitors in the market. In achieving this competitive advantage, some management experts argue that knowledge is a major tool required for the task. This is mainly because organizations, which are able to define their knowledge management activities, get opportunities to make potential improvement, which yields competitive advantage within the business market. Similarly, correct knowledge should be able to identify areas of weakness within the organization, which could hinder the firm from attaining competitive advantage over other organizations. As discussed in the previous segments of this paper, it is doubtless that knowledge gaps could be one of the factors hampering competitive advantage in most organizations. Based on the irreplaceable role played by knowledge management, it is essential for an organization to identify and segment knowledge for the purpose of determining the usefulness of every knowledge segment. Knowledge-based systems need to have the following seven characteristics. They must have reasoning and programming capabilities Have e nough knowledge regarding a given domain or situation Must have an inference engine, different from the knowledge base Can handle varying data, say, uncertain conflicting and unknown Must allow easy medication by the administrator Have a source that explains the reasoning process Must extensively use â€Å"if-then rules† Notably, many organizations are usually faced with the challenge of disseminating knowledge to where it is needed by people. Consequently, available knowledge may require sorting and screening to ensure that only relevant information is delivered (Soliman 1998). What are some of the attributes of knowledge that have to be considered when disseminating information to where it is needed? Accuracy Although it is not easy to determine the accuracy of knowledge, experts agree that one is able to measure knowledge against envisaged knowledge. The degree of closeness of the two aspects may therefore determine the confidence of people in the knowledge applied and the ultimate value of the knowledge. Nevertheless, reproducibility and repeatability of knowledge may be tied on other factors. In its application and definition, accuracy may refer to correctness, reliability or truthfulness. Timeliness and currency According to knowledge management experts, the main aim of timeliness is for one to avoid making decisions, that are out of date and which may harm the progress of an organization. In this respect, it suffices to mention that valid knowledge must be current. In other words, one is able to find out when the knowledge was obtained, revised and whether it is current or out of date. Relevance of knowledge In the application of any information, there is usually a lot of weight attached to relevance and organizational impact. In this context, the relevance of knowledge could therefore be determined based on a range of factors including functionality, flexibility, importance, reliability, portability, functionality and importance. With regard to the impact of the knowledge, this is principally determined by the value of the working environment and the overall performance (Davenport Short 1990). The benefits of knowledge relevance could be determined by the relationship of the knowledge to the topic, target users of the knowledge, and the level of the knowledge. Authority This deals with the origin of the knowledge in order to determine its authenticity and reality. The source of any information can be determined by finding out the author, publisher and sponsor. Additionally, the author’s credentials are important and his or her affiliate organization in handling knowledge. Purpose It is vital to establish the need for a given type of knowledge. This is usually considered to be critical in establishing the integrity of a particular type of knowledge. The intended purpose of information can therefore be determined by establishing the intensions of the authors, impartiality or objectivity of the information and the kin d of biases present. Importance This entails a wide range of issues, including the ability to control the characteristics of knowledge within the organization, its focus and its timing. However, important knowledge has to meet the needs of a given organization, by responding to a real world problem in a manner that allows the realization of a solution. Accessibility This simply denotes the understandability of knowledge. Knowledge may lose meaning especially in cases where it is considered to be difficult to comprehend. Additionally, this encompasses the readability and its focus towards realizing the objectives of the organization. Applicability This involves the completeness of knowledge and its ability to provide direction to the organization. Inapplicability of knowledge may cause it to become irrelevant. This concept also covers the completeness of the knowledge and availability of recommendations for sober actions to be taken. This may hinder its application even when it is pe rceived to relevant (Davenport Short 1990). Suitability This is mainly concerned with how the knowledge being sourced is important and suitable to the organization in meeting the needs of the organization. Many knowledge management experts believe that there is a connection between the applicability of knowledge and its suitability to satisfy the needs of an organization (Soliman 1998). Knowledge that is important and suitable to an organization can be enhanced in future to make it more satisfying in meeting its intended purpose. As mentioned above, the aim of having proper information about knowledge management is to develop effective operations, establish control mechanisms, compare results, gauge performance and take remedial action if deemed necessary (Soliman 1998). In this regard, it can be deduced that the above characteristics of knowledge have an array of advantages, which can be realized by an organization through effective knowledge management. This is to say that organi zations are tasked to enhance their efficacy through excellent knowledge management practices, with the absence of non-value-adding task (Soliman 1998). Conclusion From the above analysis, it is evident that knowledge management is widely recognized as a priceless tool in organizational management. If well implemented, proper knowledge management programs have the potential of influencing the performance of an organization positively (Campos Sanchez 2003). As a result, it is highly regarded as a competitive advantage tool in the business world. On this basis, there is every need for organizations to review and evaluate their knowledge management tools in order to have them inclined towards attaining set goals and objectives. Good strategies should therefore be implemented, with reference to the current knowledge that addresses the needs of the organization. Importantly, the ability of any organization to thrive to today’s business environment is solely determined by the way knowledge and skills are coherently applied in the running of the organization. In implementing this, the management has the responsibility of assessing knowledge and determining its feasibility in achieving the goals of the organization. Lack of such skills is crucial and may undermine the success of any organization. References Bohn, R 1994, ‘Measuring and Managing Technological Knowledge’, Sloan Management Review, pp. 61–73. Campos, E Sanchez, M 2003, ‘Knowledge management in the emerging strategic business process: Information, complexity and imagination’, Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 7 no. 2, pp. 5-17. Cohen, W Levinthal, D 1990, ‘Absorptive Capacity: a New Perspective on Learning and Innovation’, Administration Science Quarterly, vol. 35, pp. 128-152. Coombs, R Hull, R 1998, ‘Knowledge Management Practices and Path-dependency in Innovation’, Research Policy, vol. 27 no. 3, pp. 237-253. Davenport, T Short, J 1990, ‘The new Industrial Engineering: Information Technology and Business Process Redesign’, Sloan Management Review, pp. 11–27. Nonaka, I Takeuchi, H 1995, The Knowledge-Creating Company, Oxford University Press, New York. Nonaka, I 1990, A Theory of Organisational Knowledge Creation, Nihon KeizaiShimbun, Tokyo. Nonaka, I1991, ‘The knowledge creating company’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 69 no. 6, pp. 96–104. Polanyi, M 1966, The Tacit Dimension, Routledge, London: Ryle, G 1949, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, London, U. K. Soliman, F 1998, ‘Optimum Level of Process Mapping and Least Cost Business Process Re-Engineering’, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, vol. 18 no. 5, pp. 810-816. Von, H 1987, ‘Cooperation between Rivals: Informal Know-How Trading’, Research Policy, vol. 16, pp. 291-302.

Compare and Contrast Elizabeth and Lydia in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice †Literature Essay

Compare and Contrast Elizabeth and Lydia in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers Compare and Contrast Elizabeth and Lydia in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Literature Essays In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, the five Bennet sisters clearly divide into two groups. Elizabeth is head of the well-behaved girls and her equivalent Lydia, represents the badly behaved. Lydia’s misbehaviour is a significant catalyst for Elizabeth uniting with Mr. Darcy; however, it was through accident rather than design. Although Elizabeth expresses some concern about Lydia’s future happiness after she elopes, these two sisters hardly communicate with each other during the story. Both Lydia and Elizabeth are the favourites of the parent they most resemble in personality. While Elizabeth is least liked by Mrs. Bennet, Lydia is her favourite and therefore overindulged. Lydia Bennet is the youngest daughter and behaves very foolishly throughout the novel. Her only interests are bonnets, balls and flirting with the soldiers stationed in town and she causes Elizabeth great embarrassment, behaving immodestly at the ball. Lydia’s description is of being less beautiful than either Jane or Elizabeth, but her youth and high spirits make her appealing. Mr. Bennet had married a woman he found sexually attractive without realizing she was an unintelligent woman and Lydia is similar to Mrs. Bennet at the same age. Mrs. Bennet’s favouritism towards Lydia and her comments on how she was once as energetic as Lydia reveals this similarity. Like her mother, Lydia has little common sense, no judgement, and no understanding of the consequences that her behaviour has on her family, especially her two older sisters. She is unrepentant after her elopement and never considered that such a scandal would disgrace the whole family and ruin any chance of good marriages for any of her sisters. Lydia is uneducated, vain, and selfish. She fails to consider that her sister Kitty, who adores her, is upset at not being included in the invitation to Brighton. â€Å"Wholly inattentive to her sister’s feelings, Lydia flew about the house in restless ecstasy†(178). Not only does Lydia lack good sense and decorum, she is a bad sister too. In contrast, Elizabeth is an intelligent, young woman with a razor-sharp wit and rich sense of humour. Elizabeth has the ability to laugh off her misfortunate and continues to be optimistic despite her situation. She is her father’s favourite and they enjoy a close relationship. Elizabeth demands respect and wishes to acquire the kind of marriage that will allow her to retain her individuality. While not completely disregarding the financial situation of potential suitors, she is determined to marry for love. Throughout the novel, Elizabeth learns lessons and changes the way she thinks about some situations. She admits her own faults and overcomes her prejudice against Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth regards Jane as more noble and kind-hearted than herself and she becomes aware of her own social and emotional prejudice as she watches her sister. When her friend Charlotte marries Mr. Collins, Elizabeth condemns the marriage as ridiculous but comes to understand and accept the position her friend was in. The marriage between Mr. Collins and Charlotte is based on economics rather than on love. Jane Austen is not endorsing this kind of marriage, rather she is pointing out that it is the only option for a woman in Charlotte’s position (Teachman 66). Jane Austen describes Elizabeth as â€Å"strong and intelligent, yet bewitching in a completely feminine way†. Her moral integrity is highly evident in her refusal of Darcy’s first marriage proposal. At the time, she believed Darcy to be arrogant and she was furious with him for ruining her adored sister Jane’s, chance at happiness. Elizabeth is very sensible and tries to curb the behaviour of her sister Lydia. She has the for-sight to realize that Lydia is too silly and irresponsible to visit Brighton and Elizabeth is rightly afraid of the consequences of her sister’s actions. She advises her father to withdraw his permission, â€Å"†¦she will, at sixteen, be the most determined flirt that ever made herself and her family ridiculous†(179). It is interesting to note that Elizabeth went to her father with her concerns and not Lydia herself. The lack of interaction between Elizabeth and Lydia throughout the novel would suggest that they ar e not close at all. Elizabeth is a strong member of the Bennet family and she rushes to her family’s side when she hears of Lydia’s misconduct and the pain it is causing her family. Elizabeth’s closest relationship is with her older sister Jane; and they have a great friendship. Although Jane hides her feelings from most people, Elizabeth knows that she really loves Bingley and is hurt by his leaving. Elizabeth is deeply involved in helping Jane and Mr. Bingley unite and she cares deeply for the happiness of her sister Jane. So not only is Elizabeth a kind and sensible character, she is a good sister too. The worth of each character as a sister appears to influence their nuptials. The marriages of the two older Bennet girls seem to be ideal. Jane loves Mr. Bingley, and he is rich, kind and well liked by society. Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage is the best match of the novel. The series of events which they both experienced gave them the opportunity to understand one another and the time to reconcile their feelings for each other. Their mutual understanding is the foundation of their relationship and will lead them to a peaceful and lasting marriage. They have physical attraction, financial security, romance and companionship. In contrast, Lydia’s marriage is the worst of the bad marriages in the novel and they are given the least happiness of all the couples. Much like the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet their affection for each other is soon â€Å"sunk into indifference†(298). And despite the money that Darcy gave to Wickham, they are the couple in the worst financial situation. The best marriages in Pride and Prejudice are comparable to the best sibling relationships. Such relationships share the same warmth, honesty, loyalty, intelligence and understanding. Lydia’s marriage shows that love cannot be brought on by appearances, and must gradually develop between two people as they get to know one another. Love has been built up over a long period of time between the two sisters Jane and Elizabeth, as it has in the ideal marriage. Lydia’s elopement and marriage are typical of a relationship where physical desire has become more powerful than good sense. The wane of Wickham’s and Lydia’s passion is an inevitable outcome, and only a disastrous married life can be in front of them. Their marriage was based on appearances, good looks, and youthful exuberance. Without mutual love and respect, Lydia and Wickham’s marriage gradually disintegrates and Lydia becomes a regular visitor at her two elder sister’s homes when he r husband was gone to enjoy himself in London or Bath† (299). Through Lydia and Wickham’s relationship, Jane Austen illustrates that an impulsive marriage based on superficial qualities, swiftly cools and ends in discontent and unhappiness. Research Papers on Compare and Contrast Elizabeth and Lydia in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice - Literature EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMind TravelHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesWhere Wild and West MeetAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is Art

Discover Ideas Through Brainstorming

Discover Ideas Through Brainstorming In composition, brainstorming is an invention and discovery strategy in which the writer collaborates with others to explore topics, develop ideas, and/or propose solutions to a problem.  Business Dictionary  says that brainstorming is the process for generating creative ideas and solutions through intensive and freewheeling group discussion. Every participant is encouraged to think aloud and suggest as many ideas as possible, no matter how seemingly outlandish or bizarre. The purpose of a brainstorming session is to work as a group to define a problem and find a plan of action to solve it. In writing, brainstorming aims not just to think of topics to write about but to allow a group to problem-solve when a writer in the group is, essentially, suffering from writers block. Theory and Rules of Brainstorming Alex Osborn, an early proponent of brainstorming, explained the process in his 1953 book Applied Imagination: Principles and Practices of Creative Thinking as a stop-and-go, catch-as-catch-can operation- one which can never be exact enough to rate as scientific. The process, he said, includes some or all of these phases: Orientation: pointing up the problemPreparation: gathering pertinent dataAnalysis: breaking down the relevant materialHypothesis: piling up alternatives by way of ideasIncubation: letting up, to invite illuminationSynthesis: putting the pieces togetherVerification: judging the resultant ideas Osborne established four basic rules for brainstorming: Criticism is ruled out.  Adverse  judgment of ideas must  be withheld until later.Freewheeling is encouraged. The wilder the idea, the better.Quantity is the goal. The greater the number of ideas, the more likely it is that useful ideas will result.Combination and improvement are sought. In addition to contributing ideas of their own, participants should suggest how ideas of others can be turned into better ideas or how two or more ideas can be joined into still another idea. Analysis, discussion, or criticism of the aired ideas is allowed only when the brainstorming session is over and evaluation session begins. Whether in a   classroom, business meeting, or composition brainstorming session, you seek ideas- no matter how wild. Only after the brainstorming session is over, or perhaps at the end of it, do you start to cull the good (and workable) ideas from the bad. Brainstorming Strategies Brainstorming strategies are many and varied, but they can be grouped into the following basic areas, as described by  The Writing Center  at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: Cubing:  This strategy enables you to consider your topic from six different directions, just as in a cube, which is six-sided. In cubing, you take an idea and describe it, compare it, associate it, analyze it, apply it, and argue for and against it.Freewriting:  When you freewrite, you let your thoughts flow freely, putting pen to paper (or dry erase pen on a whiteboard) and writing down whatever comes to your mind, or to the group members  minds.Listing: In this technique, also called bulleting, you jot down lists of words or phrases under a particular topic.Mapping: With mapping, you list a lot of different terms and phrases that jut out from the main topic. This method is also called webbing because you end up with something that looks like a spider web with your brainstormed ideas branching out from the main topic in the center.Researching: Also called the journalistic method, with this technique, you use the â€Å"big six† questions that journalists rely on to rese arch a story: who, what, when, where, why, and how. You and your group then take a few minutes to research the answers to these questions if needed or simply discuss the answers if group members know the information.   Methods and Observations Some theorists say that brainstorming does not work. Debate and criticism, far from impeding the search for ideas or efforts to solve a problem, actually stimulate discussion and problem-solving, says Jonah Lehrer, in a 2012 article Groupthink: The Brainstorming Myth published in the New Yorker. Lehrer notes: Dissent stimulates new ideas because it encourages us to engage more fully with the work of others and to reassess our viewpoints. But thats where the teacher or facilitator plays an important role. While she doesnt criticize ideas, and discourages others from doing so, the teacher or facilitator  does  prompt and probe, as Dana Ferris and John Hedgcock write in their book, Teaching ESL Composition: Purpose, Process. The facilitator asks questions such as What do you mean? Can you give an example? or How are these ideas related?- recording these ideas on the board, an overhead transparency, or an electronic display. Far from sitting back and simply writing thin, feel-good ideas on the board or paper, the facilitator nudges participants to think about and enhance their thoughts so that they will be more useful. Its also important to note that brainstorming is just a first step in generating an interesting and well-thought-out essay, with ideas that go beyond the superficial, says Irene L. Clark in Concepts in Composition: Theory and Practice in the Teaching of Writing. Clark says that a useful invention strategy that follows brainstorming and precedes the drafting of an essay is the points-to-make list, which enables a writer to sort and narrow ideas.   Although different writers do this in individual ways, most good writers will take time to write down, examine, and revise their ideas in an informal list that is not as rigid as an outline. So think of brainstorming as a first step to help get your creative juices flowing, either on your own or preferably with the help of a group of collaborators. Then revise the ideas from a list or web to create an outline for a powerful and well-thought-out paper.

Sexual harassment in working place Research Paper

Sexual harassment in working place - Research Paper Example Behavior of a perpetrator is still unwelcome even if it is intended in good spirit. Regardless of the behavior of the perpetrator, it is the feeling of the victim about the behavior that becomes relevant. The victim does not have to express her/his displeasure to the perpetrator. It is sufficient if the victim does not reciprocate by returning the behavior, not laughing at the jokes or show resentment, turn away or begin avoiding the offender. It is the body language of the victim that matters. Even if there is no expression, behavior is unwelcome to satisfy the test. Thus, the 'A' element is entirely subjective on the part of the complainant. Though the complainant may appear to be very sensitive, one should not substitute one’s judgment for the victim’s judgment. It should be only examined whether the victim genuinely felt the perpetrator’s behavior as unwelcome. The complainant might have encountered similar behavior from others but singled out a particular pe rson s behavior as unacceptable or unwelcome. In legal sense, it is certainly perfect to disapprove of certain conduct of certain people. A woman ‘s complaint can be valid if she finds a new colleague’s dirty joke offensive though she might have told the same joke to another colleague she knows for a long time. In quid pro quo complaints, the complainant might have made the behavior welcome and later claim that such relationship was not resisted in order not to lose her/his job. Employers must take care to keep a confidential note of the time and date and admissions of the two opposite sexes’ relationship with each other so that it can be handy if either party turns hostile later. The management is liable for its supervisor’s sexual harassment of a subordinate even if the management has condoned the supervisor’s sexual harassment and has a written policy to that effect. In California, an employer can avoid liability if the complainant could have avo ided such situations without undue risk, expense or humiliation. Under federal law, employers may claim affirmative defense in case of supervisors engaging in sexual harassment without favoring the victim. It is an absolute defense available to employers under federal law but there should be available the elements of avoidable consequence doctrine. They are 1) the employer has already taken steps to prevent and correct sexual harassment at workplace. 2) the employee without reason failed to make use of the preventive and corrective measures. 3) The measures would have prevented the harm had the complainant made reasonable use of them (Whittenbury). USA Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1964 prohibits sexual discrimination that includes sexual harassment among other forms of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, pregnancy and national origin at workplace or work-related matters. All private establishments, state and local governments and educational institutions employi ng fifteen or more individuals for twenty or more weeks per year come under the purview of this Act. The others include private and public employment agencies, labor organizations, joint labor-management committees, U.S. companies outside the U.S. employing U.S. citizens (Bell). Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a federal law. In California, there is a state level act namely Fair Employment and Housing Act that primarily prohibits sexual harassmen

Duty of Partner to Give Accounts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Duty of Partner to Give Accounts - Essay Example In the context of the partnership agreement, the roles, responsibilities, and liabilities of partners need to be discussed. According to Sec 9 of the Partnership Act of 1963, it states that except for an incorporated limited partnership, a partner of a particular firm is considered as the agent of the firm along with the other partners present in the firm, for the reason of the business of the firm1. It also, declares that apart from an, incorporated limited partnership, an act carried out by a partner of a firm, for the reason of cont,inning in the customary method business of the type continued by the firm, connects that particular firm and remaining of the partners in the particular firm unless the partner who conducts the act has no right to act in any way for the particular firm in the specific matter and the person involved in the dealings with that particular partner either is well aware that the person is not authorized or is unknown about the factor does not consider the par ticular partner to be the firm’s partner4. According to Sec 10 of the Partnership Act of 1963 it states that a certain act or any particular instrument in relation to the nature of business of the firm apart from an incorporated limited partnership is obligatory on all the existing partners of the particular firm and also on the firm too if it is carried out by any person who has the authorization to conduct such an actor perform the instrument irrespective of the fact that whether the person is a partner of the firm or not, in firm’s name or in any such way or intention where it involves the firm4. The liability of a partner according to Sec 13 of the Partnership Act of 1963 declares that every individual partner of any particular firm except for an incorporated limited supported partnership is equally accountable along with the other partners for the duties and legal responsibilities of that particular firm which was obtained when the particular person was still an e xisting partner as per the partnership agreement which proves it to be legal and also in case of the partner is an individual, after the demise of that partner the assets of the deceased partner would be liable in the course of management for the liabilities and obligations of that firm which was acquired while the already dead partner was still a partner that stays discontented, but subject to the previous payment of the individual debts of the deceased partner4. The most important duty of a partner that needs to be mentioned in relation to this case is according to Sec 33 (1) A particular partner of a firm apart from an incorporated limited partnership is responsible for giving accurate accounts and complete information regarding all the things that might affect the firm to the other partners or partner or to the legal personal spokesperson of the other partner4.

Mera.Net Cafe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mera.Net Cafe - Essay Example The large initial capital investment will allow Mera.Net to provide its customers with a full featured Internet cafe. A unique, upscale, and innovative environment is required to provide the customers with an atmosphere that will spawn socialization. Mera.Net, soon to be located near at Sacred Heart College on 10th of March, will offer the community easy and affordable access to the Internet. Mera.Net will provide full access to email, WWW, FTP, Usenet and other Internet applications. Mera.Net will appeal to individuals of all ages and backgrounds. The instructional Internet classes, and the helpful staff that MeraNet provides, will appeal to the audience that does not associate themselves with the computer age. This educational aspect will attract younger and elderly members of the community who are rapidly gaining interest in the unique resources that online communications have to offer. Mera.Net's customers can be divided into two groups. The first group is familiar with the Internet and desires a progressive and inviting atmosphere where they can get out of their offices or bedrooms. The second group is not familiar with the Internet, yet, and is just waiting for the right opportunity to enter the online community. Mera.Net's target market falls anywhere between the ages of 18 and 50. This extremely wide range of ages is due to the fact that the Internet appeal to a variety of people. In addition to these two broad categories, Mera.Net's target market can be divided into more specific market segments. The majority of these individuals are students and business people.Potential Customers University Students Office Workers Seniors Teenagers IV. Required Capital 4.1 Start-up Summary Mera.Net's start-up costs of P200,000 that will cover for site renovation and modification and the communications equipment necessary to get its customers online. The communications equipment necessary to provide Mera.Net's customers with a high-speed connection to the Internet and the services it has to offer make up a large portion of the start-up costs. These costs will include the computer terminals and all costs associated with their set-up. Costs will also be designated for the purchase of two laser printers and a scanner. V. Equipments and Facilities List of Startup Equipments and facilities. Cost at least P200,000 of capital. 10 computer set P150 000 1 aircon

The SARA Approach to Gun Violence Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The SARA Approach to Gun Violence - Coursework Example The third steps in SARA model involve generation of solutions to remove the causes of the gun violence problem. The model gives an approach that focuses on both the offender and the places where the gun violence occur (The Center for Problem Oriented Policing, n.d).The offender oriented response is a framework that focuses on preventing gangs and groups from engaging in gang violence by use of deterrence strategy. This involves the delivery of explicit messages to the would-be offenders that warns them against the involvement of in gun violence (The Center for Problem Oriented Policing, n.d).The offender oriented response involves focusing on those involved in gun violence with the intention of reducing or stopping their activities, this, therefore, involves crackdowns, arrests, and prosecution of offenders. However, no community can support indiscriminate, illegitimate and highly aggressive random crackdown. It is therefore important to engage the community and let them know why the offenders are being arrested and the strategies the police will use. The process will become highly effective if it has the support o the community.Place Oriented Response involves focusing on the characteristics that make a place to be a gun violence hot spot. The proactive approach can be done through increased patrols, street searches and enforcement of firearm laws (The Center for Problem Oriented Policing, n.d).The first step in place oriented response is getting the support of the community.

An Urban Tourism Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

An Urban Tourism Experience - Essay Example Through the development of a narrative of the experience of being out in the field, the study uses thematic descriptions in order to define the way in which the experience of Rome can be brought into context with the modern experience. The themes that emerge in the development of the case are defined by the overall Roman culture through which an understanding leads to a sense of pride in the Italian lifestyle. A definition of urban tourism can simply be made by stating that it is tourism that has a city or cities as a destination for holiday. A more complex version of the definition, however, involves the desire to seek out other cultures and explore social meaning and context through first hand experiences. While urban tourism needs an additional amount of information in order to have real meaning, the ability to go to an urban center and taste the nature of the culture through experience can expand the understanding that one has about that locale. The culture of a city comes from the incidental and unintentional things that are encountered. The development of an urban tourism encounter is based upon the development of a conglomeration of disciplines so that the holiday creates a sense of the environment, not just the concept of the outsider who is looking in on a culture as if it were a zoo. Many travellers see the world as if it is a zoo for their observation, but not a place in which to immerse oneself in the culture of a city is to discover something more than just what can be observed. Urban tourism types of travel have the ability to create a connection to the observed culture that is based upon seeing their world through eyes that have been taught to look. Through information from outside sources, through learning a bit of the language of the city that is the focus of the travel, and through looking for aspects of the city that are not intended for the eyes of the traveller, the culture begins to emerge. 1.1 Research Questions The following research questions have been developed in order to frame the inquiry that this study has endeavoured to create: What is the cultural experience that defines the urban tourism event in Rome? What appears to be the hidden culture that the facade created for tourists has tried to dissuade tourists from observing? What are the cultural meanings that the urban tourist can readily observe within the experience of the city of Rome? What experiences in the city of Rome can become part of a profile of its identity? 2. Literature Review 2.1 Urban Tourism Buhalis and Darcy (2011, p. 123) discuss the nature of tourism by writing that â€Å"Travel involves the movement away from home with its gendered responsibilities and expectations, as well as the movement towards other worlds and possible selves experienced within a relation to difference†. The experience of immersing oneself into another culture is defined both by the lived experiences of the indigenous population, combined with the public identity of the locale that has been created through carefully cult ivated perceptions about the regions.

Corporate Social Performance (research report) Essay - 1

Corporate Social Performance (research report) - Essay Example CSR activities not only ensure that the company is gaining a positive brand image but it also ensures self-sustainability in the near future. CSR activities now a day have become quite a mainstream phenomenon where most of the well established firms have developed and maintain the concept of social sustainability (Manuel Castelo BrancoLÃ ºcia Lima 2006). CSR can be defined as the relationship between a corporation and the national government and the citizens (McDonald and Rundle-Thiele 2008). It encompasses the positive influence of the organisational activity on the welfare of the nation and its people. In a more streamlined perspective its can be stated that the CSR is the relationship between the corporation and the society (Jones and Wicks 1999). The business firms often undertake responsibility to improve the society that they are operating in. This as a result fosters social support and at the same time creates a sustainable working environment for the organisation to thrive f or a longer period of time. The firms often undertake initiatives like child education for the under privileged, keeping the society clean by the environmental standards (Baumgartner and Ebner 2010). The corporate social responsibility is based on three principles Sustainability, Accountability and Transparency. The sustainability deals with the long term thriving of the organisational activities. It involves taking certain actions in the present that has a positive impact on the future. This suggests that if the resources that are not infinite are being used in the present then they may get exhausted in the future. Sustainability indicates that the organizations must utilize the resources responsibly and should also ensure that they are being generated at a steady rate (Brower and Mahajan 2013). The Accountability of the organisation involves its acknowledgement towards the impact on the environment causing from

An Urban Tourism Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

An Urban Tourism Experience - Essay Example Through the development of a narrative of the experience of being out in the field, the study uses thematic descriptions in order to define the way in which the experience of Rome can be brought into context with the modern experience. The themes that emerge in the development of the case are defined by the overall Roman culture through which an understanding leads to a sense of pride in the Italian lifestyle. A definition of urban tourism can simply be made by stating that it is tourism that has a city or cities as a destination for holiday. A more complex version of the definition, however, involves the desire to seek out other cultures and explore social meaning and context through first hand experiences. While urban tourism needs an additional amount of information in order to have real meaning, the ability to go to an urban center and taste the nature of the culture through experience can expand the understanding that one has about that locale. The culture of a city comes from the incidental and unintentional things that are encountered. The development of an urban tourism encounter is based upon the development of a conglomeration of disciplines so that the holiday creates a sense of the environment, not just the concept of the outsider who is looking in on a culture as if it were a zoo. Many travellers see the world as if it is a zoo for their observation, but not a place in which to immerse oneself in the culture of a city is to discover something more than just what can be observed. Urban tourism types of travel have the ability to create a connection to the observed culture that is based upon seeing their world through eyes that have been taught to look. Through information from outside sources, through learning a bit of the language of the city that is the focus of the travel, and through looking for aspects of the city that are not intended for the eyes of the traveller, the culture begins to emerge. 1.1 Research Questions The following research questions have been developed in order to frame the inquiry that this study has endeavoured to create: What is the cultural experience that defines the urban tourism event in Rome? What appears to be the hidden culture that the facade created for tourists has tried to dissuade tourists from observing? What are the cultural meanings that the urban tourist can readily observe within the experience of the city of Rome? What experiences in the city of Rome can become part of a profile of its identity? 2. Literature Review 2.1 Urban Tourism Buhalis and Darcy (2011, p. 123) discuss the nature of tourism by writing that â€Å"Travel involves the movement away from home with its gendered responsibilities and expectations, as well as the movement towards other worlds and possible selves experienced within a relation to difference†. The experience of immersing oneself into another culture is defined both by the lived experiences of the indigenous population, combined with the public identity of the locale that has been created through carefully cult ivated perceptions about the regions.